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███ The Mind's New Science: A History of the Cognitive Revolution ███
▀▄█▌ PART I: THE COGNITIVE REVOLUTION
░▒▓
1 Introduction: What the Meno Wrought
The Greek Agenda
Definition and Scope of Cognitive Science
Purpose and Plan of This Book
░▒▓
2 Laying the Foundation for Cognitive Science
The Hixson Symposium and the Challenge to Behaviorism
A Critical Moment in Scientific History
Key Theoretical Inputs to Cognitive Science
Mathematics and Computation
The Neuronal Model
The Cybernetic Synthesis
Information Theory
Neuropsychological Syndromes
Catalytic Encounters and Influential Writings
░▒▓
3 Cognitive Science: The First Decades
A Consensual Birthdate
The 1960s: Picking Up Steam
The Sloan Initiative
Key Features of Cognitive Science
Representations
Computers
De-Emphasis on Affects, Context, Culture, and History
Belief in Interdisciplinary Studies
Rootedness in Classical Philosophical Problems
▀▄█▌ PART II: THE COGNITIVE SCIENCES: A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
░▒▓
4 Reason, Experience, and the Status of Philosophy
Descartes's Mind
Empiricist Responses to Descartes
Locke 's Competing Model
Berkeley 's and Hume's Skeptical Tones
Kant and Foundational Philosophy
The Logical-Empiricist Program
The Unraveling of logical Empiricism and the Revised Roles of Philosophy
Gilbert Ryle
Ludwig Wittgenstein
J. L. Austin
Richard Rorty: Is Epistemology Necessary?
Preserving Philosophy's Purview
Fresh Approaches to Epistemology
Functionalism
Intentional Systems
The Complete Cognitivist: Jerry Fodor
Conclusion: The Dialectic Role of Philosophy
░▒▓
5 Psychology: The Wedding of Methods to Substance
Three Pivotal Lines of Research from the 1950s
George Miller's Magic Number 7
The British Approach to the Processing of Information
Jerome Bruner's Strategic Approach
The Program of Cognitive Psychology
Scientific Psychology in the Nineteenth Century
Coping with the Kantian Legacy
Laying the Groundwork: Helmholtz, Fechner, Donders, and Brentano
Wandt's Program
Innovative Methods: Hermann Ebbinghaus
The Early Twentieth Century
The Attack on the Wundtians
Functionalism: William James
The Behaviorist Revolution
Gestalt Psychology: A View from Above Origins
Kohler's Comprehensive Researches
Fredleric Bartlett's Schematic /pproch
[ean Piaget's Deoeloymental Concerns
The Tur to Cognition
lnspirfion from Computers
Reacliors ho Hhe SHandard lnformafion-Processing Paradigms:
The Tp-Douon Perspdfiae
Mental Reyresenhafions
Psychology's Contributions
░▒▓
6 Artificial lntelligence: The Expert Tool
The Summer of 1956 at Dartmouth
The ldeas of Artifcial Intelligence
The Dream of drtifaial lntelligenae
Realizing the Dream
The Programs of the Dartmouth Tetrad
Programs for Problems: Alle Neell and Herbert Simon
Maroin Minsky and His Shdels
L.ists and Logics: [ohn Mcarthy
Other Prograrming Milestones
The Phenomenal SHRDLU
Pivotal lssues
The Nead for Expert Syslems
Procdural oersus Leclarafioe Representahion
The Thre Sharpest Culs
Innovations in the 1970s
Plralisms
Lnderstanding of Language
Percepfion
The Chinese Room
Searle's Conundrum
Counterathacks
Critics and Defenders: The Debate Continues
░▒▓
7 Linguistics: The Search for Autonomy
At First, There Were Colorless Green ldeas…
Enigmatic Senterces
Chomsky's d.pproach
The Sreading of Green ldeas
Vebal Misbehaoior: The Controoersy uith Skinner
Geeral Messages: Chomskian Theaha
Linguistics of an Earlier Era
The Neo-Grammarians
de Saussนre's Signal Contributiors
The Prgue School
Bloomfeld Fashions a Fdld
The Cnisis of the Early 1950s
The Evolution of Chomsky's Thought
Period Pieces
Reactions in Other Cognitive Sciences
Rival Positions within Linguistics
A Tentative Evaluation
░▒▓
8 Anthropology: Beyond the Individual Case
Lucien Levy-Bruhl Examines the Mind of the Primitive
Edward Tylor Launches the Discipline of Anthropology
The British Scene
The American Version
Boas 's Scholarly Hegemony
Reactions to Boas
The Special Status of Language and Linguistics
The Structuralist Version
Levi-Strauss 's Canons
Exploring Mind
Myth Making
Sperber 's Variations
Ethnoscience
Roofs
A Sample Componential Analysis
Critiques of Ethnoscience: From Within
Critiques of Ethnoscience: Outside the Ranks
Psychological Forays
Levy-Bruhl Revisited
░▒▓
9 Neuroscience: The Flirtation with Reductionism
Karl Lashley Poses a Research Agenda
The Lesion Technique
Equipotentiality and Engrams
Lashley 's Iconoclasm
How Specific Is Neural Functioning?
Evidence for Localization
The Resurgence of Holism
Evaluating the Evidence
Donald Hebb's Bold Synthesis
The Hixson Symposium Revisited
Hubel and Wiesel's Decisive Demonstrations
The Molar Perspective 2
Sperry on Split Brains
Graditnfs of Plasticity and Hierarchy of Functions 2
The Neural Base of Cognition: Studies of Two Systems
Eric Kandel Bridges a Gap 2
The Song of Birds
Pribram 's Holographic Hypothesis
Three H istorical Moments
Will Neuroscience Devour Cognitive Science?
▀▄█▌ PART III: TOWARD AN INTEGRATED COGNITIVE SCIENCE: PRESENT EFFORTS, FUTURE PROSPECTS
Introduction
░▒▓
10 Perceiving the World
Perennial Puzzles of Perception
Computer Simulations
The Work of David Marr
Levels of Scene Analysis
Two Sketches and a Model JOI
Implications for Cognitive Science
Reactions to Marr
The Gibsonian View of Perception JOB
Cognitive-Science Critiques of Gibson
An Aggressive Defense
Contrasting Perspectives
Possible Reconciliations
Neisser 's Ecological Approach
Parallel Processing in Perception
░▒▓
11 Mental Imagery: A Figment of the Imagination?
Introduction: Images through the Ages 32.3
Stephen Kosslyn's Model
Computer Simulation
The Debate about the Kosslyn-Shepard Perspective
Pylyshyn's Penetrating Case against Imagery
A Wittgensteinian Critique
░▒▓
12 A World Categorized
The Classical View of Classification
The Universe of Color Terms
Rosch's Critique of Classical Views
Berlin and Kay on Basic Color Terminology
A New Philosophical Cast on Concepts J50
Can Categorization Be Studied from a Cognitivist
Perspective?
░▒▓
13 How Rational a Being?
The Illogic of Human Reasoning
Crds toith Mumbers
Arlists and Beekeepers
Metal Models as a Panacea?
Biases in Human Cognition: The Tversky-Kahneman
Position
Thedter Tickeis and Coir Toss๓s
A Philosophicl Crihigue
Conclusion
░▒▓
14 Conclusion: The Computational Paradox and the
Cognitive Challenge381
The Centrdlity of MMetal Represetahion
The Computatiomal Pardor
The Cogritioe Challenge
░▒▓
REFERENCES
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